Matrix the movie Essay Example For Students

Framework the film Essay Here is the exposition I think the uploader hung the sentences together so the sections are in one long queue: As the universes mechanical abilities reach progressively noteworthy new statures, we are confronted with new issues brought about by these new innovative capacities. Alongside these freshly discovered issues, for example, the now notorious Y2K, come the most recent cutting edge predictions about the universes punishment because of the new innovations. Along these lines is the requirement for, and hypothesis behind the film Matrix. The Matrix investigates incomprehensible domains of PC world omination, human development, and a credible reality so significantly utilizing excellent composition by siblings Andy and Larry Wachowski. This interesting screenplay depends on the reason that the internet is turning out to be to an extreme degree an excessive amount of the focal point of our reality. Also the Wachowski siblings play on the possibility that the line among the real world and augmented reality is getting excessively dainty. These thoughts are so implausible and awesome that they lead one to stop for one moment to address ones own feeling of the real world. This scrutinizing of the truth is a yproduct of the splendid filmmaking used to spellbind the crowd for a staggering two and a quarter hour venture. While viewing The Matrix, the beat is revived, the eyes are astonished, and the mind is contorted to the point of being indistinguishable a few times over. Ones eyes are stunned perpetually by various PC created embellishments. Among these stylishly satisfying scenes are the activity stuffed hand to hand fighting scenes highlighting the consistently adorable Keanu Reeves. Albeit one is foreordained to address Reeves comic book-like kung fu successions, on must kick back and be flabbergasted by the rothers Wachowski shooting techniques. The Wachowskis shooting techniques permit them to hinder groupings to show moves and activities typically made incomprehensible by the laws of material science. Extra scenes portray projectiles as they are eased back down to a creep while the crowd takes the vantage of the profundity challenging characters evading these shots. The crowd looks as characters jump structures and for all intents and purposes fly in hair-trigger snappy developments that Hollywood was unequipped for delineating only a few years back. Basically put the visual showcase is incredible. The Matrixs visual flood ought to drive the craft of filmmaking into the following thousand years. Notwithstanding the extraordinary composition and visual portrayal, the Matrix offers excellent acting. As an activity film, the Matrix isn't approached to have any sensational exhibitions. Its essentially expected to have blasts, heartbreaking pursues, and firearm driven viciousness, yet a significant number of the entertainers give astonishing exhibitions. The before referenced Keanu Reeves, gives an astounding presentation as the nerd gone superhuman, Neo, thinking about his resume' of agonizing exhibitions. Also, Carrie-Anne Moss gave a good erformance as Trinity, the behind kicking excellence. Likewise Lawrence Fishburne, give cleverly a role as Morpheus, splendidly assumes job of a cutting edge Yoda attempting to get Neo to understand his potential as humanitys guardian angel. These exhibitions combined with a profession characterizing execution from Hugo Weaving, the dim fit Men in Black criminologist type, add an emotional pizazz to this previously encouraging film. Taking everything into account, Andy and Larry Wachowski join bright composition, creative recording, and great exhibitions from a very much chose cast, to make The Matrix something other than a film, yet rather an encounter.

Economics in an International Context Assignment

Financial aspects in an International Context - Assignment Example As indicated by Paul (2012), socialism alludes to the political and conservative advancement model which was proposed by Karl Marx and later on upheld by Lenin. The idea of the socialism alludes to the last piece of the human recorded turn of events, where individuals are responsible for both the political just as the conservative framework. In his book he likewise referenced that as per Marxist hypothesis, government can be characterized as an instrument of class activity. Socialism vows to give every individual their needs in spite of whatever class they have a place with. As per Paul, order economy can likewise be alluded as an arranged economy. It tends to be characterized as a particular financial framework where the legislature has the ability to control most or all the related variables identified with creation. It by and large exists when government chooses to utilize the focal arranging framework to assign assets and assets just as decide the volume of yield over the portion s. (Paul, 2012, p. 15). 2. Preferred position of Planned/Command Economy: There are different preferences related with order economy. In order economies, the focal government control what and the amount of most items will be created. By controlling just as choosing the costs and wages the focal government likewise ready to control and screen the amount of the creation is allocated to every family unit. As per Katkoff (1961) The focal government controls creation and salary in order economies. Because of this component of order economies, the cost couldn't be settled dependent on what amount would be the creation and how much people’s request is, In order economies, the cost of the item is to consistently stay stable. In most arranged economies, costs are dictated by the strategy producers. Subsequently, one significant preferred position of actualizing the arranged economy is that it is useful to dispense with the odds of swelling and value variances which are the two primary difficulties to the industrialist free market economies. Another significant bit of leeway related with arranged economy is the arranged utilization of labor, just as the most noteworthy pace of social turn of events (katkoff, 1961, pp.371-372). 3. Impediments of Planned/Command Economy: According to Glisenberg (2001), an arranged economy is with the character of fulfillment must. In any case, alongside this favorable position it debilitates the motivator just as motivation for the work Because there is a balanced arrangement of condition for needs. Asa result it is practically difficult to permit a worker’s wards to encounter the full outcomes of their absence of productivity underway frameworks. The latest case of this absence of worker inspiration and duty circumstance was seen in China yet later on in 1980 the extraordinary financial change in the nation helped them to beat the circumstance. During the order economy stage , portion of products was relying upon the work h ours and people were not liable for the punishment of their works. Subsequently , the work effectiveness was a lot of lower in China. As indicated by his audit, another key detriment related with this kind of economies was there were less odds of mechanical developments since they were not inspired to do as such as there would be no conspicuous compensations for such great execution. The absence of rivalry additionally implies that there are less effective and inventive. As the primary expectation is non-benefit so the outlook of improving as a point just as a representative likewise decreased radically. At times there are

Essay Examples - How to Write Correctly

Essay Examples - How to Write CorrectlyWhile going to college is a goal for most adults, some of them would like to continue their education so they can go on to earn a college degree or another form of education, and going back to college to write an essay could be a good way to make that happen. If this is the case, you need to make sure that your essay samples are accurate. This way, the college that you are going to is going to be happy with the result.Essays are an important part of a student's education. It is a personal statement of your goals and what you hope to accomplish by going to college. With that being said, it is essential that you write an essay that is very accurate. With that being said, not only do you need to make sure your essay samples are correct, but you also need to make sure that your essay writing skills are accurate as well.There are many forms of college preparation including textbooks, websites, and listening to lectures. Each of these forms of study c an be helpful in a way, but they may not be able to help you with your college essays. This is because there are certain aspects of each of these things that you will not be able to do in order to do your essay writing.For example, most textbooks will not have any exercises that you can do on the page to help you complete your essay. This is because those books are supposed to be an extension of your college studies. If you do not have anything to do when writing an essay, you will not be able to follow instructions properly, and that is something that could cost you points at your college.There are plenty of forms of college entrance exams that you can take that can help you get into school, but you will not be able to use them in your essay writing. These exams are required to help you get into a specific type of school. If you want to use them, you need to follow the directions of the college before hand so that you know how to prepare for them properly.Essay writing is also a fo rm of business writing. Whether you are doing your professional writing or you are writing an essay for a friend or relative, it is essential that you write a good piece. It is not enough to simply write something that you want, you have to know how to craft it to perfection.An essay is a common form of paper that many people use for their school papers. If you are going to college, this means that you will be making a great deal of copies of the same piece of paper in order to give it to various people that need to see it. If you want to be confident that your essays are accurate, you will need to read a lot of essays to get the information that you need to be successful.Using the examples that you can find in the essays that you can find to practice on, can be a great help to you when it comes to learning these common forms of writing. If you have a tutor, it can be a great help. Some tutors even have high quality online tests so that you can practice in the comfort of your own ho me, which will help you prepare your essays.

Living An Independent Lifestyle On Campus - 921 Words

I was seventeen when I started living away from my parents at an on-campus residence at Brock University. I couldn’t help but feel free and independent, since having strict parents like mine meant that I was rarely unsupervised growing up. However, though I felt independent, I could not have been more wrong. Living on campus has a great amount of benefits such as dedicated meal plans, networking opportunities with fellow floor mates, unlimited utilities, laundry, and of course, having all of that paid for by government student loans. Since the university does not allow you to live on campus after the first year of studies, I had to find a new living arrangement somewhere off of campus grounds. After living in off-campus residences, I understood the realities of living an independent lifestyle differed greatly from my perception of it when I was living on campus. As a university student who has lived in both on-campus housing and off campus housing, I feel that off-campus housing better prepares you for leading an independent, adult lifestyle. Being a resident on campus meant that there was a lot of supervision. The residence that I lived in had ‘Dons’, people who were paid to live in and supervise the students living in the residences. Their job entailed assisting residents, making sure rules were followed, and creating social events for the residents to network and interact with each other. However, if a resident were to do something wrong or deface property, a warningShow MoreRelatedStudent Nutrition Essay1624 Words   |  7 PagesHow does lifestyle influence student’s eating habits? Do different lifestyles affect student’s eating habits? The consumption of a healthy eating, weight control and general wellness are getting more significance throughout the daily living of the students. (Jackson, Berry, Kennedy, 2009). Healthy diets, that contained low saturated fat and being rich in plant foods, have the advantages of increased longevity and lower percentages of chronic diseases. (Papadaki, Hondros, Scott, KapsokefalouRead MoreLiving on Campus vs Living Off Campus1150 Words   |  5 PagesCom/170 April 22, 2013 Living on Campus versus living off Campus A college experience can be the greatest time in a student’s life for the reason being, it is a new path the individual is taking to pursue his or her future career. While pursuing a career, every student has his or her own personal preference of whether or not to live on campus. Deciding where to reside seems to be the topic that runs through every college student’s mind. Whether it is to live the college lifestyle filled with eventsRead MorePursuing A College Transfer Degree1219 Words   |  5 Pageswill I afford transportation? Should I live on campus or off? As for the world, there is 37.2 college student that transfer least ones in every six years said (Clearinghouse). They also said 53.7 percent student moved to a two-year community college from a four-year institution. Approximately low-income transfer students would need to improve in communication with their campus, increase your independent and adjust their appalling study habits-lifestyles. Therefore, my first image shows the front ofRead MoreFear Of Victimization Among University Students1310 Words   |  6 PagesVictimization Among University/College Students Citation: Lee, D., Hilinski-Rosick, C. (2012). The Role of Lifestyle and Personal Characteristics on Fear of Victimization among University Students. American Journal Of Criminal Justice, 37(4), 647-668. doi:10.1007/s12103-011-9136-0 This study talks about the causes that might lead a college student to become a victim of crime looking at the lifestyle and routine activities theory, and how students avoid getting themselves into dangerous situations. AccordingRead MoreHealthier Food And Lifestyle Options For Uah Students Essay1332 Words   |  6 Pagesand Lifestyle Options for UAH Students Obesity is a growing factor in the United States. Data confirms that there is an increase in fast food dining facilities across the United States as well as a decrease in nutritional information. Without an immediate change in this trend, obesity among young adults, specifically college students, will continue to rise above average. Colleges and universities should start providing healthier food options for students to choose from, offer healthy living and lifestyleRead MoreObesity : A Growing Factor Essay1307 Words   |  6 Pagestranscend. Colleges and universities should start providing healthier food options for students to choose from, propose exceptional living and lifestyle coaching for students, and require general promotion of healthy living across the campus. Accordingly, the University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH) should offer healthier food choices for students, require healthy lifestyle information classes, and promote the University Fitness Center more often. Healthi er students are superior learners and data claimsRead MoreThe Effects Of Budget On Dietary Behaviors Essay1458 Words   |  6 Pagesattending the University of British Columbia Proposal This paper will examine the main factors contributing to the choices made by first year students in terms of their eating habits. It will employ a qualitative-survey of twenty first-year students living on UBC residence. In order to determine the main factors contributing to the current state of the average student’s diet, students will be asked about their daily consumption of each food category, their reasons for such diets, their cooking abilitiesRead MorePursuing A College Transfer Degree Essay1393 Words   |  6 Pageslike? How will my first day go? How will I get there? What am I going to wear? Those are just some question that students have. While being some low income transfer students would need to have better communication, be more independent and change their awful study habits lifestyles. My first image shows a student with his head down on the desk and he is surrounded by books, highlighters coursework assignments, and notebooks. He also has a pair of glasses on the desk. I choose this image because it showsRead MoreOnline Classes Vs. Traditional Classes955 Words   |  4 Pagesto not having to drive to and from class, housing and meal plans are also more affordable when not living on or near campus, and tuition, too can be a huge factor. Typically, online classes cost less per credit hour, giving the option of great savings in tuition, room and board. Both traditional and online courses require books and other materials, but are generally affordable by purchasing on campus and sometimes by downloading via the Internet or class files. Research conducted by the National CenterRead MoreCollege Life: Benefits of Living On-Campus1652 Words   |  7 Pagesmade assumptions about the academic performance of students staying on campus and those who commute to campus ever y day. Some studies suggests that those students who live on campus tend to have an advantage over those who don’t (Peterson, 1975). In this literature review we will look at the different views of people who researched the subject. Peterson (1975) suggested that those students involved in activities on campus â€Å"are better off financially, educationally and in other ways to begin with

The Framing Of Immigration By George Lakoff And Sam Ferguson

â€Å"The Framing of Immigration† (Draft #2) The authors George Lakoff and Sam Ferguson in the article â€Å"The Framing of Immigration†, claim that the United States of America has poor and inefficient discussions on immigration because the nation takes this broad subject and wrongfully simplifies it by framing immigration. Lakoff and Ferguson support this claim by using hard evidence to demonstrate the nation is framing immigration by using the illegal frame, the security frame, and the economic frame. The authors argue that when the nation uses the word â€Å"illegal immigrant†, the nation is framing immigrants as criminals. The authors begin by stating that the word illegal is a strong and unfair word because the people who are associated with the word illegal are criminals. This implies and frames all immigrants as criminals. Aside from this implication, the authors also demonstrate that the word illegal is unfair by placing the word illegal on other types of people. One example is that if a driver who got a speeding ticket were to be referred to as an â€Å"illegal driver† then that would be an extreme title just for a person who committed a minor offense. (20) Another example is that if a businessman who didn’t pay his taxes on time were to be referred to as an â€Å"illegal businessmen† that would also be an extreme title just for a person who committed a minor offense. (20) With these examples the authors make it clear why it is unfair for the na tion to call people who enter our nationShow MoreRelatedThe Framing Of Immigration By George Lakoff And Sam Ferguson906 Words   |  4 PagesIn the article â€Å"The Framing of Immigration† the authors, George Lakoff and Sam Ferguson, claim that the United States of America has poor and inefficient discussions on immigration because when the nation frames immigration, this broad subject is inadequately simplified and therefore the debates and arguments are one sided and unfair. Lakoff and Ferguson further support this claim by using hard evidence to demonstrate that the nation is framing immigration by using the illegal frame, the securityRead MoreImmigration in America: cause and effects1704 Words   |  7 PagesFormat: MLAPages: 5SummaryThis paper is a study of the causes and effects that immigration has caused in the United States Of America, and how migration has centered around the countryThe search for food and new land has driven humans from one end to another end. W ith time, the need increased into the quest of knowledge and thirst of wisdom, eventually as the periods started to pass by, development started in some countries, and some countries were left far behind. This partial development of the

Taking a Look at All The Time Gym - 748 Words

Info: FACILITIES As you’d believe, our amazing fitness conveniences are accompanied by spacious change-rooms with private cubicles also available. With plenty of lockers a few of which are vacant for permanent hire, hairdryers and ironing stations, you’ll have the benefit of your time at the All the time gym. Gym Our large, air-conditioned gym is entirely equipped with the most modern equipment. Now three one-to-one sessions with our Personal Trainers will supply you with all the support you need to accomplish your main goal. Cardio Theatre Whether you take pleasure in watching music videos, the latest sporting or the news event, TV channels and the 16 music on our cardio theatre will entertain you while exercising. Weights Area Our extensive selection of free weights and the newest stationary machines means youll be completely equipped to work out and toughen and condition your arms, chest, back, legs and abs. Spinning Room Spinning is a enjoyable and stimulating bike-based aerobic exercises ideal for all fitness levels. Studio Group work outs is great fun and the best way to stay motivated. Check our clubs remarkable schedule for a feast of studio classes including step, aerobics, yoga and loads more. Lounge Area Before or after your exercises, the lounge area is the ideal place to relax, take a drink and unwind with friends or with other members. Pool Enjoy a calming swim or refresh yourself with an aqua aerobics session in the pools at ourShow MoreRelatedGym Dwellers Essay871 Words   |  4 PagesGym Dwellers Automated doors slide open revealing a multitude of fitness machinery and flooding the air with the sound of weights clinking and the synchronized rhythmic stomping of twenty pairs of Nikes hitting the floor simultaneously in the step aerobics class; it’s time to get physical. On any given day, at any time, in gyms all across America the same scene is played out, (Guy). A handful of muscle bound jocks, serious about competitive weight lifting, can be seen spotting each other in theRead MoreStrategic Analysis : The Fitness Industry1719 Words   |  7 Pages 2014 I. FitTime, like most other gyms and workout centers, operates in the fitness industry. The Fitness industry continues to steadily grow as entrepreneurs and small businesses see worthwhile market opportunity. With the ongoing obesity epidemic in the United States, fitness and exercise opportunities are becoming more and more popular for Americans. However, as a result of continued growth within the industry, fitness centers and gyms have become highly competitive businesses. InRead MoreChanges Over Time : Male Ideals1488 Words   |  6 PagesChanges over Time: Male Ideals One of the biggest issues in the world right now is that women are objectified and are made to feel that they are subpar to unattainable goals. Women are told how to dress, what to eat, and how to act. It was always thought that men didn’t have the same issues, the pressures of reaching an obtainable goal, this isn’t true. Magazines, media, and society dictates how both genders interact with each other. Men have changed and are pressured just as much as women. ExploringRead MoreSocial Structure And Hierarchy At The Gym859 Words   |  4 Pagesnorms that are prevalent in the gym while working out. Cal Poly has a very active campus that uses the gym very regularly. The gym has its own set of rules and norms that are followed by everyone. I personally do not spend a lot of time in the gym so to prepare I watched 30 minutes of YouTube videos and read multiple lists of unwritten gym rules and things not to do at the gym. The social structure and hierarchy at the gym is different than real life. The gym social structure is based on howRead MoreTodays Unrealistic Body Expectations1311 Words   |  5 Pagesresult, many people are affected by our own societys portrayals of good looking men and women that they feel pressured into doing whatever it takes and going through extreme measures, most of the time, spending countless hours in the gym trying to achieve that perfect body. Body image is evident in the gym, as the men are lifting weights they are frequently looking in the mirror examining every angle of their body making sure no area is lacking muscle. On the other hand, women tend to partake in theRead MoreArticle Report On Google s Article Article On 1087 Words   |  5 Pagesthis article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Justin P Kavanagh Let s face it, we ve all experienced times when we just don t feel motivated to workout when we know we should. You know the feeling when you are all excited about going to the gym and look forward to working your butt off, then after a few weeks your just not bothered because the motivation isn t there anymore. Staying consistent with a new workout routineRead MoreExercise : Exercise And Exercise851 Words   |  4 Pages What is Exercise? That dreaded word, exercise. What exactly is, exercise? Why do we dread such a word? Maybe because of all the years of forced exercise during gym class in school; or maybe because of feeling humiliated and defeated by simple tasks, like walking up a flight of stairs, or being out of breath after singing a song. Whoever said exercise couldn’t be fun and at your own will? Whatever preconceptions you have of exercise, forget it. Now, you’re probably wondering who I am to tell youRead MoreFor This Exercise, I Went To The Sfu Fitness Centre. The1414 Words   |  6 PagesFor this exercise, I went to the SFU fitness centre. The gym is mainly intended for staff and students, although it is open to the public for a fee ranging from $5-$45 per month, should they wish to make the trek up the mountain. They have a variety of equipment available for use, including exercise and cardio machines as well as free weights. Upon entering the fitness centre, there is a desk with staff, however, the electronic system simply requires members to scan their membership card – or theirRead MoreMaintaining A Balance Between Work And Life895 Words   |  4 Pagesbalancing between office and home means something must be given up. In most cases, the sacrifice is the employee’s time to take care of himself, take care of his personal fitness. Science has proven that working out and adopting a healthy diet will not only reduce stress, but they also create a beneficial discipline that will enhance the work-life harmony and career success. Gym hours do not have to be long, and meals do not have to be processed if the employees learn how to incorporate intensiveRead MoreEssay Competitive Analysis Section - Fitness Club1346 Words   |  6 Pagescenters. Since 1992, the United States has seen the number of health clubs increased by almost 40 percent, from 12,635 to 17,531 facilities. It has also seen an increase in membership by almost 60 percent, from 20.8 million to 32.8 million. What this all means for Fun 4 Life Fitness Center, LLC is that the market is ever growing which translates to more competition. Most fitness centers offer a variety of services to address the needs and convenience of the customers. Some of these services includes

Narrative perspective on a very short story by ernst hemingway free essay sample

Often times, in the heat of the moment, we are blinded by what is real and what is just an illusion. At the same time this could be as a result of one’s maturity vs. immaturity. This story by Ernst Hemingway portrays what seemed to be real love by the American solider and the European nurse however, turned out to be lust because of a lack of maturity, hegemony and quench for power. This short story will be analyzed through a narrative perspective where the setting and characters are analyzed to demonstrate the themes of real vs. illusion, maturity vs. immaturity, hegemony and quench for power. The setting plays a key role in this story. The American solider is positioned in Europe where he meets a European nurse named Luz. They fall in love and desire to get married however, soon as the American solider returns to America, Luz is having an affair with a European major and the American solider is diagnosed with gonorrhea from a sales girl. We will write a custom essay sample on Narrative perspective on a very short story by ernst hemingway or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The weather coincides with their feelings as it was hot in Padua initially just like their love, then lonely and rainy as soon as they split ways displaying their separation. I believe that Hemingway is implying that America is still immature and young in its values and beliefs. This is because as soon as the solider returns to the States, everything goes downhill. Whereas, Europe is very mature and almost â€Å"manly† because Luz claims after meeting the European major (a â€Å"man†), that this was real love and theirs was just boy/girl love. The soldier’s relationship with Luz is a depiction of the youth of America. America is much younger and immature than Europe because they are still striving to become a major player in worldly affairs. Thus, when the Italian major portrays himself as more of a man than the American solider, Luz is attracted to it and is depicting that America remains young and immature. Another example displaying America is still immature in its notions is because the nation still holds a stereotypical depiction of women as if the Americas think women translate love as money and rank (Major vs. Solider). There is irony to further portray the theme of reality vs. illusion and maturity vs. immaturity as the American is driving through the Lincoln Park contracted with gonorrhea. This shows the immaturity of Americans still have as he cheated on Luz and is then riding through a pivotal American landmark. Masculine hegemony was demonstrated as the American solider, full of immaturity, first falls in love with Luz while being intoxicated and engages in an affair with her. This shows that women can easily be taken advantage of and that men are more superior. This is further demonstrated when he takes advantage of the girl back in America and contracts gonorrhea from her. It is also demonstrated by Europeans as well as the major has an affair with Luz but does not marry her at the end. He is merely leading her on for her to be left alone at the end. These relate to the setting because the characters behave as per their societal upbringings. By the end of the story, it was money and rank which convinced Luz to be what she is and the American’s soldier’s lack of loyalty to end up being what he is. When looking at the characters, they help contribute to the overall themes of the story. He is an ordinary American solider with no rank and Luz, the European girl, is performing the duty which most girls at the time did, nursing. They both displayed qualities of what would typically be described as â€Å"love† such as taking a night shift just to be with him and him taking temperatures so she could sleep making them seem flat (predictable characters). They both make promises to each other upon departing that they would get married. They both immaturely have affairs once separated and the promises were broken showing that they are actually round (unpredictable characters). This disloyalty portrays the shift from real love to just an illusion. Hemingway highlights through the characteristics of these characters the truth behind many relationships and what immaturity, time, distance and poor values can do to sabotage it. What could have been real love was blinded by a lust by Luz for wealth, power and stature as the major did not end up marrying her and the American man ended up with gonorrhea. Their new found loves were actually illusions. The major demonstrates male hegemony as he symbolizes male stature, power, leadership and dominance. Unlike the American, he has rank and fulfills the stereotypical view of a â€Å"man†. From a male perspective, this story shows the nurse cares for power and prefers the major over the solider. Male and female roles are both stereotyped in this short story. Their morals and values, interests and how they behave force them to act the way that they do. Overall, Hemingway shows elements of immaturity, illusions and stereotypes throughout the story. It is called â€Å"A Very Short Story† because their love ended extremely abruptly. The structure aids in presenting a fluid story from falling in love, to complications, to breaking up. The final message, demonstrated through the various elements, is to illustrate the complications with young and immature love combined with male hegemony and stereotypes. Upon using the narrative analysis, the themes could be better understood. Promises and trust should be kept and it is maturity alongside the right values that will keep this intact. Because Hemingway depicts America to be foolish, he sees no hope in Americans to necessarily keep a promise. Breaking promises are usually the reasons behind wars which is the setting for this story. If the characters stayed loyal to each other despite the long distance, Luz would be married and the American boy would not be suffering with gonorrhea. Elements of masculine hegemony such as the American solider first meeting the nurse while being drunk (sign of immaturity) and then having an affair with her as well as the girl back in America thus taking advantage of them showing the qualities of American men. Through this story, the theme of realism vs. illusion was portrayed through analyzing the setting and characters with a narrative perspective to demonstrate that lust, power, wealth and stature convince people to be what they are.

Six Stages of Communication Process free essay sample

To establish yourself as an effective communicator, you must first establish credibility. †¢In the business arena, this involves displaying knowledge of the subject, the audience and the context in which the message is delivered. Stage 2: Message †¢Written, oral, and non-verbal communications are affected by the sender’s tone, method of organization, validity of the argument, what is communicated and what is left out, as well as your individual style of communicating Stage 2: Message Messages also have intellectual and emotional components, with intellect allowing us the ability to reason and emotion allowing us to present motivational appeals, ultimately changing minds and actions. Stage 3: Channel †¢Messages are conveyed through channels †¢These messages are delivered to an audience. No doubt, you have in mind the actions or reactions you hope your message prompts from this audience. †¢Keep in mind, your audience also enters into the communication process with ideas and feelings that will undoubtedly influence their understanding of your message and their response. We will write a custom essay sample on Six Stages of Communication Process or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Stage Four: Receiver †¢To be a successful communicator, you should consider these before delivering your message, acting appropriately. Stage Five: Feedback †¢Your audience will provide you with feedback: –Verbal and nonverbal reactions to your communicated message. Pay close attention to this feedback, as it is crucial to ensuring the audience understood your message. Stage Six: Content †¢The situation in which your message is delivered is the context. †¢This may include the surrounding environment or broader culture –corporate culture –international cultures To deliver your messages effectively, you must commit to breaking down the barriers that exist in each of these six stages of the communication process. We will learn about these â€Å"Communication Barriers† in Week Two.

An Introduction to Virtue Ethics

An Introduction to Virtue Ethics â€Å"Virtue ethics† describes a certain philosophical approach to questions about morality. It is a way of thinking about ethics that is characteristic of ancient Greek and Roman philosophers, particularly Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.   But it has become popular again since the later part of the 20th century due to the work of thinkers like Elizabeth Anscombe, Philippa Foot, and Alasdair MacIntyre. The Central Question of Virtue Ethics How should I live?   This has a good claim to being the most fundamental question that you can put to yourself.   But philosophically speaking, there is another question that perhaps has to be answered first: namely, How should I decide how to live? There are several answers available within the Western philosophical tradition:   The religious answer:  God has given us a set of rules to follow. These are laid out in scripture (e.g. the Hebrew Bible, the New Testament, the Koran). The right way to live is to follow these rules. That is the good life for a human being.Utilitarianism: This is the view that what matters most in the world in the promotion of happiness and the avoidance of suffering.   So the right way to live is, in a general way, to try to promote the most happiness you can, both your own and that of other people– especially those around you–while trying to avoid causing pain or unhappiness.Kantian ethics: The great German philosopher Immanuel Kant argues that the basic rule we should follow is neither â€Å"Obey God’s laws,† nor â€Å"Promote happiness.† Instead, he claimed that the fundamental principle of morality is something like: Always act in the way that you could honestly want everyone to act if they were in a similar situation. Anyone who abides by this rule, he claims, will be behaving with complete consistency and rationality, and they will unfailingly do the right thing. What all three approaches have in common is that they view morality as a matter of following certain rules. There are very general, fundamental rules, like â€Å"Treat others as you’d like to be treated,† or â€Å"Promote happiness.† And there are lots of more specific rules that can be deduced from these general principles: e.g. â€Å"Don’t bear false witness,† or â€Å"Help the needy.† The morally good life is one lived according to these principles; wrongdoing occurs when the rules are broken. The emphasis is on duty, obligation, and the rightness or wrongness of actions. Plato and Aristotle ‘s way of thinking about morality had a different emphasis. They also asked: How should one live? But took this question to be equivalent to What kind of person does one want to be? That is, what sort of qualities and character traits are admirable and desirable. Which should be cultivated in ourselves and others? And which traits should we seek to eliminate? Aristotles Account of Virtue In his great work, the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle offers a detailed analysis of the virtues that has been enormously influential and is the starting point for most discussions of virtue ethics. The Greek term that is usually translated as â€Å"virtue† is arà ªte.  Speaking generally, arà ªte is a kind of excellence. It is a quality that enables a thing to perform its purpose or function. The sort of excellence in question can be specific to particular kinds of thing. For instance, the main virtue of a racehorse is to be fast; the main virtue of a knife is to be sharp. People performing specific functions also require specific virtues: e.g. a competent accountant must be good with numbers; a soldier needs to be physically brave. But there are also virtues that it is good for any human being to possess, the qualities that enable them to live a good life and to flourish as a human being. Since Aristotle thinks that what distinguishes human beings from all other animals is our rationality, the good life for a human being is one in which the rational faculties are fully exercised. These include things like the capacities for friendship, civic participation, aesthetic enjoyment, and intellectual enquiry. Thus for Aristotle, the life of a pleasure-seeking couch potato is not an example of the good life. Aristotle distinguishes between the intellectual virtues, which are exercised in the process of thinking, and the moral virtues, which are exercised through action.   He conceives of a moral virtue as a character trait that it is good to possess and that a person displays habitually.   This last point about habitual behavior is important.   A generous person is one who is routinely generous, not just generous occasionally. A person who only keeps some of their promises does not have the virtue of trustworthiness. To really have the virtue is for it to be deeply ingrained in your personality. One way to achieve this is to keep practicing the virtue so that it becomes habitual. Thus to become a truly generous person you should keep performing generous actions until generosity just comes naturally and easily to you; it becomes, as one says, â€Å"second nature.† Aristotle argues that each moral virtue is a sort of mean lying between two extremes. One extreme involves a deficiency of the virtue in question, the other extreme involves possessing it to excess. For example, Too little courage cowardice; too much courage recklessness. Too little generosity stinginess; too much generosity extravagance. This is the famous doctrine of the â€Å"golden mean.†Ã‚   The â€Å"mean,† as Aristotle understands it is not some sort of mathematical halfway point between the two extremes; rather, it is what is appropriate in the circumstances. Really, the upshot of Aristotle’s argument seems to be that any trait we consider a virtue as to be exercised with wisdom. Practical wisdom (the Greek word is phronesis), although strictly speaking an intellectual virtue, turns out to be absolutely key to being a good person and living a good life. Having practical wisdom means being able to assess what is required in any situation. This includes knowing when one should follow a rule and when one should break it. And it calls into play knowledge, experience, emotional sensitivity, perceptiveness, and reason. The Advantages of Virtue Ethics Virtue ethics certainly didn’t die away after Aristotle. Roman Stoics like Seneca and Marcus Aurelius also focused on character rather than abstract principles. And they, too, saw moral virtue as constitutive of the good life– that is, being a morally good person is a key ingredient of living well and being happy.   No-one who lacks virtue can possibly be living well, even if they have wealth, power, and lots of pleasure. Later thinkers like Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) and David Hume (1711-1776) also offered moral philosophies in which the virtues played a central role.   But it is fair to say that virtue ethics took a back seat in the 19th and 20th centuries. The revival of virtue ethics in the mid-late 20th century was fueled by dissatisfaction with rule-oriented ethics, and a growing appreciation of some of the advantages of an Aristotelian approach. These advantages included the following. Virtue ethics offers a broader conception of ethics in general.  It doesn’t see moral philosophy as confined to working out which actions are right and which actions are wrong. It also asks what constitutes well-being or human flourishing. We may not have a duty to flourish in the way we have a duty not to commit murder; but questions about well-being are still legitimate questions for moral philosophers to address.It avoids the inflexibilities of rule-oriented ethics.  According to Kant, for instance, we must always and in every circumstance obey his fundamental principle of morality, his â€Å"categorical imperative.† This led him to conclude that one must never tell a lie or break a promise.   But the morally wise person is precisely the one who recognizes when the best course of action is to break the normal rules. Virtue ethics offers rules of thumb, not iron rigidities.Because it is concerned with character, with what kind of person one is, virtue ethics pay s more attention to our inner states and feelings as opposed to focusing exclusively on actions. For a utilitarian, what matters is that you do the right thing–that is, you promote the greatest happiness of the greatest number (or follow a rule that is justified by this goal).   But as a matter of fact, this is not all we care about. It matters why someone is generous or helpful or honest. The person who is honest simply because they think being honest is good for their business is less admirable that the person who is honest through and through and would not cheat a customer even if they could be sure that no one would ever find them out. Virtue ethics has also opened the door to some novel approaches and insights pioneered by feminist thinkers who argue that traditional moral philosophy has emphasized abstract principles over concrete interpersonal relationships. The early bond between mother and child, for instance, could be one of the essential building blocks of moral life, providing both an experience and an example of loving care for another person. Objections to Virtue Ethics Needless to say, virtue ethics has its critics. Here are a few of the most common criticisms leveled against it. â€Å"How can I flourish?† is really just a fancy way of asking â€Å"What will make me happy?†Ã‚   This may be a perfectly sensible question to ask, but it really isn’t a moral question. It’s a question about one’s self-interest. Morality, though, is all about how we treat other people. So this expansion of ethics to include questions about flourishing takes moral theory away from its proper concern.Virtue ethics by itself can’t really answer any particular moral dilemma. It doesn’t have the tools to do this. Suppose you have to decide whether or not to tell a lie in order to save your friend from being embarrassed. Some ethical theories provide you with real guidance.   But virtue ethics doesn’t. It just says, â€Å"Do what a virtuous person would do† which isn’t much use.Morality is concerned, among other things, with praising and blaming people for how they behave.   But what sort of character a person has is to quite a large extent a matter of luck.   People have a natural temperament: either brave or timid, passionate or reserved, confident or cautious. It is hard to alter these inborn traits. Moreover, the circumstances in which a person is raised is another factor that shapes their moral personality but which is beyond their control.   So virtue ethics tends to bestow praise and blame on people for just being fortunate. Naturally, virtue ethicists believe they can answer these objections. But even the critics who put them forward would probably agree that the revival of virtue ethics in recent times has enriched moral philosophy and broadened its scope in a healthy way.

Statement of purpose Personal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Of purpose - Personal Statement Example This was a tremendous opportunity to expand on my knowledge of contemporary teaching techniques and better engage students with the modern curriculum. Throughout my academic career, I was exposed to a wide range of theoretical principles and assumptions regarding teaching methodology and child development. Through my experiences at Ibn Khuzaymah, I was able to gain a very practical and sophisticated experience in applying theoretical knowledge to tangible educational practice which solidified and, in some instances, challenged a variety of hypotheses about what constitutes effective teaching and learning strategy development. This professional understanding has strengthened not only my commitment to becoming a first-class educator but also improved my ability to experiment and test traditional teaching standards, which has created a more efficient and productive instructor. This position at the local high school was also very satisfactory at a personal level as I was able to assist s tudents in building trust with the instructor, helping them to concentrate and focus their minds more productively to solve problems associated with the curriculum. Utilizing contemporary theory and best practice models that focused on socio-psychological strategies to gain students’ attention and interest, I was able to establish a learning environment that was highly conducive to laying the foundation of reciprocal respect that genuinely engaged students and provided more effective learning outcomes. My academic education did not necessarily provide me with the knowledge and understanding of the importance of addressing and considering students’ emotions. This experience at Ibn Khuzaymah legitimately opened my eyes to the necessity to balance metacognition with psychological models relevant to this age bracket in order to produce triumphant student learning outcomes that maintained long-lasting appreciation and student esteem for the instructor. My primary goal today is to begin studies in the Master’s Program in Statistics at your university. All my aforementioned professional experience has given me a new appreciation for the social and educational value of conducting primary research studies. Being able to appreciate, understand and evaluate quantitative data maintains significant benefits to society and the educational system across the world, and I am realizing that statistics provides the foundation for a legitimized understanding of science and society. As a person who genuinely enjoys statistics, coupled with a newfound respect for the global relevance of scientific research, I sincerely believe that study in this program is well-suited for my talents and posture regarding this important dimension of modern society. Hence, all aforesaid experiences and understandings considered, I legitimately believe that I can offer substantial and diverse benefits to the university. I have a rather balanced approach to learning, being able to work both independently and cooperatively with culturally and professionally different individuals to produce positive team outcomes and establish new best practice behaviors in the

Argumentative paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Argumentative paper - Essay Example Notably, the year-round school plan ensures that students do not have the three-month summer break, but are in school throughout the year. Although the year-round school seems to be highly favorable, it has certain disadvantages that need proper consideration as will be highlighted in this paper. The year-round calendar adopted by some school districts presents certain challenges, especially when it comes to the storage space needed for both students and teachers. Notably, many multitrack year-round calendars do not follow the usual single class operating in a specified classroom. The system allows many students to enroll in different programs throughout the school year. Therefore, school districts adopting the plan have budget wisely in an effort to ensure that there is sufficient storage space for both students and teachers. Unless this happens, the multitrack year-round calendars will strain school facilities contrary to its objective of ensuring proper utilization of the facilities throughout the year (Chittom and Klassen 1). The year-round calendars adopted in some districts introduce additional demands on the school subordinate staff cafeteria systems as well as the maintenance services. Usually, all these services are continuously needed throughout the year. Compared to other plans that allow students to have a three-month summer break, support staffs working in different schools face the compulsion of constantly providing services to the schools. Therefore, many support staffs do not find the systems favorable because the year-round calendar strains them (Long). The year-round calendars pose challenges for teachers who pursue further education during the summer break. Notably, teachers need to advance their education in an effort to become more qualified for their job responsibilities. Usually, the three-month summer break gives teachers sufficient time to study each year. With the

Care planning for individual needs Essay Example for Free

Care planning for individual needs Essay Care planning to meet the care needs of an individual (P4, M3, D2) What are the potential differences in Sally’s care needs at all the different life stages? Childhood: In Sally’s childhood, she grew up in mining town which may have been detrimental to her health due to the dust particles and other substance that could have been brought up from the mine, she has stated that when she was growing up, that there was ice on the inside of the window, that the house was cold and damp, and that she remembers having Bronchitis every year and having three weeks off in infant and junior school. Sally also said that she remember when she was little that she was told of for having the back door wide open because it was so hot she did not know why until a lot of years later when her mom said that she had measles which was very serious and that she could of died from it. She also states that when she was eleven, that she and her parents moved in to a house with central heating. Differences in Sally’s care: Not having central heating from an early age, she also contracted bronchitis and measles which could have been detrimental to her health. Adolescence: Sally has said that in her teens, she experienced really bad period pains and that she was taken out of education because of it, but she also says that she was prescribed with tablets that made her really drowsy and sleepy but she says that it took the pain away. Differences in sally’s care: Every girl in their teens will at some point start having periods, some girls will have really bad pains from it and some wont, in Sally’s case she would have needed medication to help relieve the pain and have a general practitioner that would be allowed to get prescribed her the medication. Adulthood: When Sally was twenty years old she said that she experienced a lot of burning in her throat, and that she could not eat properly, that’s she had to have a endoscopy (a camera put down her throat to determine what it was) and the surgeon found out that Sally had a relaxed muscle at the top of her oesophagus/gullet. This was because her stomach acid could escape in to her throat, she says that the doctor gave her some medication and that she would have to take it all her life, and that she had to be careful in bending down/over, and that she had to sleep on a slant which she says was very  uncomfortable, but she had to so that the stomach acid would not travel out of her stomach and in to her mouth. Sally also states that she had a miscarriage in her middle twenties and an ectopic pregnancy (when the embryo implants itself outside of the uterus) but she eventually had a baby and then two more. She then decided to go on to the contraceptive pill so that she could not have any more children. Difference in Sally’s care: Burning in her throat because of a relaxed muscle, having an endoscopy put down her throat that’s would have been very weird for her and a bit scary as well. Having a miscarriage would make her a bit scared of having children in the future as it would for any women and then having an ectopic pregnancy as well but eventually she have her own children, 3 of them. Adulthood and Later Adulthood Sally says that when she was in her thirties, she was in a car accident and unfortunately her teeth were smashed on impact, Sally had to have some dental work and she had to have porcelain veneers, Sally really hated the fact that she has not got her own teeth as she states that she took great care of them. Sally is now 61 years of age and she says also that that she went through the menopause in her fifties and that she still suffers from night sweats and hot flushes now and again, she has to wear glasses as that her eye sight has weakened and that she also suffers from arthritis in her fingers. Difference in sally’s care: Being in a car accident, unfortunately this is quite common as that there are a lot of bad drivers out on the road but having all her teeth smashed well that’s not as common, this would have been another life experience for Sally having to lose all of her teeth and having fake ones. Going through menopause this generally happen to all women in the fifties and it can make women quite self-conscious about themselves, to make it even worst she still suffers from night sweats which will make her sweaty and she may be concerned that she smells when around others. Eye sight she has to wear glasses so that would be something new for her but again is quite common in elder age and so is arthritis.

Why Drugs Should Be Legal :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  America is wasting it’s money and resources. It’s trying restrict something on which restrictions don’t have any effects: drugs. People who don’t use recreational drugs don’t do so because of the health risks; people who do use drugs would whether or not they are legal. The fact that they are illegal makes little difference. Nevertheless, $15,000,000,000 goes directly into drug prohibition every year, and has very little effect. Very much money is spent to pay police narcotics officers, fund the D.E.A., and house drug-offenders in prison. The prisons are full of drug-related criminals, and violent offenders go free earlier because of this. Which would you prefer walking the streets, a rapist, or a potsmoker?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Legalizing recreational drugs does not mean making drugs accesible to all people. The drugs that are legal today, alcohol and tobacco (nicotene) aren’t available to just everyone; they are regulated. Only certain people are allowed to buy them. Since the drug trade is unregulated, drugs are sold anywhere they can be (e.g. schools), allowing children to have access to them. If these drugs were illegal, than that trade would stagnate, and children wouldn’t have such easy access to them. It makes sense†¦ do you ever see people in schools selling beer or cigarrettes? Also, the usual cause of drug overdose is the fact that a person cannot know the potency of the drug he/she is taking. There are no standards because the trade of drugs is illegal in the first place. If they were legal, there would be a standard of quality for all drugs, regulated by the FDA.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The state of Georgia has the highest excise tax on liquor of any state. It also has the lowest tax on gasoline (which is good especially now with gas prices the highest ever). If drugs were legal, the government could place such an excise tax on them. In addition to freeing up money used for their prohibition, this extra money could fund the real problems of America, and eliminate our national debt quite quickly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Doing drugs is dangerous, yes†¦ but so is tanning, smoking, drinking, chewing tobacco†¦ the list goes on and on. People are still free to do these things, notwithstanding the fact that they may be stupid acts. The ratio of deaths from tobacco versus drugs is 425:1, and that of alcohol versus drugs is 50:1. Drugs are less dangerous than both of these legal things, and people are still free to do them and not free to do drugs?

Internet and television Essay

Internet and television are changing the face of political discourse. In his book, Amusing Ourselves To Death Neil Postman gives candid details of how television has shaped political conversation in the last 20 years but this has been overcome by the advent of internet technology. Television has changed much since 1987 in addition to advancements such as HDTV, DVR. News can be watched 24 hours across many networks. For example cable subscribers are able to watch over 1000 channels with the click of a button. Advertising has grown tremendously as ads jam programs in the form of product endorsements and normal commercials. The internet is not excluded from this change because it offers the users a simple way of accessing news and communication with many people all over the world. Each of these mediums represents a new era in which people try to become politically enlightened while at the same time minimizing the quantity of information they are able to consume (Postman, 13) Political discourse and the media have been changing over the years. Hume observes that, â€Å"the television commercial is a primary instrument of political discourse† (Hume, 27). This is true in the current media although some other instruments like The Daily Show are gaining political importance. Political programs should be placed on the same platform as political commercials instead of using them as the main source of political discourse. Although the commercials have a good impact this is reduced by the video recorders that give user the ability to navigate commercials to view programs that they like most. Internet has become a threat to the television since it is easy to get information easier using the internet. â€Å"Young people don’t buy newspapers or watch the evening news-even or perhaps especially, with cute Katie Couric reading it to them. Blogs are more fun to read and sometimes more reliable† (Leonard, 10). Bloggers have the ability to put emphasis on political candidates, policies and actions that have taken place. As such blogging offers the citizens a chance to comment on stories in a manner that permits freedom of expression. The media has continued to change political discourse significantly though television, internet and advertising. Currently advertisements, blogs and the 24 hour news and internet have a big impact on political discourse. According to a survey done by Pew Internet it was observed that â€Å"15% of all American adults say the internet was the primary source for campaign news during the election, up from 7% in the mid-term election of 2002? (Leonard, 2). Therefore, the Internet is a strong force in the changing shape of political discourse. The information that people find and share over the internet shapes their opinions and can assist them in becoming better citizens. Political information can be shared in a way that ties the emotions of the participants but the internet helps the people to form their own opinions. Hume posits, â€Å"new technology may facilitate a new type of citizenship commitment that combines exchange of information and evaluation, in which emotion and experience are not discounted but an accepted part of the processes of opinion formation† (2006, p. 305). In summary, political dialogue in the media has been transformed significantly by the new media. The availability of internet has helped people write blogs, surf for information that could not be easily found through conventional means. Television commercial as well as comedy programs are still abundant in the political discourse. Ellen Hume give a good summary of political discourse and its relationship with the media by saying, â€Å"The old media deliver the old politics† (1998, p. 207). From this observation one can conclude that the new media will give rise to new politics and continue to change everything as we know it now. Works cited Hume How novel technologies are changing the news. In C. Harper (Ed. ), What’s Next in mass communication. Original York: St. Martin’s Press. 1998 Leonard, M. ‘Fake’ news is as good as the real thing . Herald Times, p. B2. , E. 2007. Postman, N. Amusing ourselves to death. New York: Penguin books. 1985

Reflection Paper On Religion And Ethnicity - 1012 Words

It is never too late to change your mind about anything. I may have answered the question with that answer in the past, but who’s to not say that will change in ten years? It all started in second grade when someone asked me, â€Å"Do you believe in God?† Not being aware of the question until later, I said â€Å"No,† which resulted in the questioner replying, â€Å"That’s bad.† It was not until my parents mentioned God that I started to wonder about religion and my family’s traditions. While my parents were born in the Philippines and believe in religion, they have never bothered to teach me anything about religion or my ethnicity. They have made many references to traditions and religion, but have never outright taught me. It’s because of this, that I believe from my friends and my relatives, that they seem to have a stronger connection to their religion and ethnicity than I do. Throughout my childhood, I have faced many events that m ake me question myself if I am truly religious. When people think of religion, the first thing that comes to mind is church. My family and I never visit the church on Sundays. It makes me feel uncomfortable when my friends talk about going to church, how they see each other when they visit, and when I say â€Å"No† if they ask if I visit. The only exceptions my family makes to visit church is when either my relatives host a wedding or funeral, with the latter being more common. One event, however, gave me a new perspective on religion and church. It was on aShow MoreRelatedEthics And Standards For Professional Psychology1264 Words   |  6 PagesLenz May 4, 2015 This paper addresses the complexity of spirituality and religion in a therapeutic setting. This paper includes examples and information regarding upholding the Ethics Code while using religion and spiritual reasoning in psychology. 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Low-Cost Gift Ideas for College Students

If youre like most college students, buying gifts present a complicated dilemma: Youd like to give nice presents but you are, after all, a college student trying to live on a budget. So how can you balance wanting to give nice presents with the limits of your bank account? Luckily, there are ways to give low-cost gifts without coming across as cheap. 8 Low-Cost Gift Ideas for College Students Print out and frame a nice picture. With everything being digital these days, try to remember the last time someone gave you a printed-out picture that you can hang on your wall -- and how nice that present was (or would be!). If youre really short on cash, print something at the highest quality available on your printer and make a nice frame to match. Give a simple college-themed gift. While the $60 sweatshirts in the campus bookstore are pretty nice, they might also be out of your budget. See what else you can find that celebrates your time in school while costing a little less. Keychains, bumper stickers, t-shirts on the clearance rack (will your cousin really know?), plastic cups, and lots of other presents can be had for under $10 -- and even under $5, if you really spend some time looking. Give the gift of time. Money may be in tight supply for you, but time may not be -- especially if you need a gift for the holidays when youre home on break. Consider planning a nice walk with your mom, ​volunteering with your dad, hanging out with your friend at his work one afternoon, or even babysitting for your parents so they can get some time to themselves. Make something from scratch. Nearly everyone has some kind of creative talent. Think about what you do best and run with it. Can you write a few poems? Paint a picture? Mold something out of clay? Take some awesome photographs? Make something from wood? Write a song? Record yourself singing your mothers favorite tunes? Dont sell yourself short as a great source of gifts you can make completely on your own. Put together a piece of your life at college. It doesnt have to be fancy to be effective. If, say, your grandmother never had the chance to go to college, put together a shadow box or collage of images from your time in school. You can collect things like stickers, fall leaves, a page from the course catalog, or articles from the school paper to give her a piece of what your college life is like. Make a memory box for an old friend or family member. You can probably find a nice little box somewhere on campus or at a local big box or drug store. Cut up some nice pieces of paper and write a cherished memory of you and the person youre giving your gift to; fold them over once or twice; Then write a nice card that explains the gift and says how often they can unwrap one of the little memories in the box (once a week? once a month?) It can be a great trip down memory lane for you and a very personal, meaningful gift for an old friend or beloved family member. Frame a design you make. Who says only a photograph can go in a picture frame? Start with a piece of paper and get creative. Print or cut out quotes about the importance of education, snip headlines from your school paper, take (or sketch) a picture of your school -- as long as you put together something with a similar theme (e.g., your campus), its hard to make a homemade gift like this look bad. Let your creativity flow without worrying about the cost. Switch up a usual gift into something different. Dinner and a movie is a pretty classic gift for a girlfriend, boyfriend, or even a parents birthday. But if your money is tight, you can switch things up to have an equally good time without the high cost. Consider, for example, going to breakfast and a movie. The food bill will be cheaper, your movie will likely be a matinee (and cheaper than an evening film), and you and the person you take will have a unique experience, too.

Hospital Mortality Of Stroke A Condition With An Abrupt...

The stroke is a condition with an abrupt onset of a neurological deficit that attributable to a focal vascular cause. (1) It is the third leading cause of death worldwide. (2) Lower-income countries have shown a higher relative stroke burden compared to industrialized ones. (3) Despite the significant achievement in management of acute stroke, it remains also a third cause of death in industrialized countries.(4) Over a third of stroke deaths occur in developing countries(5) In the United States,700000 stroke cases responsible for 165000 deaths each year (6). The number of people having a stroke each year in Iraq is around 24000. (7) Determining predictor of mortality at period of hospitalization could aid a clinical care by providing valuable prognostic information to patients and their family members and identify those at high risk for poor outcomes who may require more intensive recourses. Various clinical variables have been implicated in the etiology of in hospital mortality of stroke. This study is an attempt to evaluate the effect of a number of these variables and whether they could predict in hospital mortality or not. These predictors included important co- morbidities like diabetes mellitus ( DM), ischemic heart diseases(IHD) hypertension( HTN) , and role of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in first few hours after attack , history of old stroke and medications that expected to change the outcome of

New Historicism free essay sample

There are no facts – just interpretations (Tyson 286) Power circulates from all social levels at all time (Tyson 287) â€Å"history is neither linear (†¦) nor progressive (†¦)† (Tyson 287) no universal spirit of an age – always opposition (Tyson 287) analysis of history is always subjective (Tyson 287) Individual and culture define each other (Tyson 287) New historicism applied to literature â€Å"(†¦) the literary text and the historical situation from which it emerged are equally important (†¦)† (Tyson 288) a? â€Å" (†¦) they create each other† (Tyson 289) Therefore New Historicism does not regard a literary text as an isolated object but wants to know more about the background and the way of life of the people at that time when it was written. Cultural Criticism wants â€Å"(†¦) to make connections between the literary text, the culture in which it emerged, and the cultures in which it is interpreted†. (Tyson 295) New Historicism and Cultural Criticism are hard to distinguish – they differ just in few points Differences of Cultural Criticism to New Historicism †¢ †¢ †¢ more political a? often bases on Marxist, feminist or other political theories ( Tyson 294) especially interested in the popular culture ( Tyson 294) existence of a high- / low culture which the dominant class decides ( Tyson 294) New Historical Reading of F. That agethe emergence of print culture, the emergence of the public sphere as a medium of influence, and the distribution of knowledge in the United Stateshas been very fruitfully studied from New Historicist points of view. So those are the fields that are most directly influenced by this approach. When we discuss Jerome McGanns essay, youll see how it influences Romantic studies. Now the New Historicism wasand this probably accounts for its remarkable popularity and influence in the period roughly from the late seventies through the early ninetieswas a response to an increasing sense of ethical ailure in the isolation of the text as it was allegedly practiced in certain forms of literary study. Beginning with the New Criticism through the period of deconstruction, and the recondite discourse of Lacan and others in psychoanalysis, there was a feeling widespread among scholars, especially younger scholars, that somehow or another, especially in response to pressing concerns-post-Vietnam, concerns with globalization, concerns with the distribution of power and global capitalall of these concerns nspired what one can only call a guilt complex in academic literary scholarship and led to a return to history. It was felt that a kind of ethical tipping point had been arrived at and that the modes of analysis that had been flourishing needed to be superseded by modes of analysis in which history and the political implications of what one was doing became prominent and central. I have to say that in debates of this kind theres always a considerable amount of hot air, perhaps on both sides. In many ways its not the case that the so-called isolated approaches really were isolated. Deconstruction in its second generation wrote perpetually about history and undertook to orient the techniques of deconstruction to an understanding of history, just to give one example. The New Historicism, on the other hand, evinced a preoccupation with issues of form and textual integrity that certainly followed from the disciplines, the approaches, that preceded them. Also to a large degreeand 1 of 10 03/24/2012 11:47 ?.? PRINT Open Yale Courses http://oyc. yale. edu/transcript/469/engl-300 this is, of course, true of a good many other approaches that were about to investigate, approaches based in questions of identity alsoto a large degree, appropriated the language of the generation of the deconstructionists and, to a certain extent, certain underlying structuralist ideas having to do with the binary relationship between self nd other, and binary relationships among social entities, as opposed to linguistic entities; but still, as I say, essentially inheriting the structure of thought of preceding approaches. So, as I say, it was in a polemical atmosphere and at a moment of widespread self-doubt in the academic literary profession that the New Historicism came into its owna response, as I say, to the isolation of the text by certain techniques and approaches to it. Chapter 2. The New Historicist Method and Foucault [00:06:16] Now very quickly: the method of New Historical analysis fell into a pattern, a very engaging one, one thats wonderfully exemplified by the brief introduction of Greenblatt that I have asked you to read: a pattern of beginning with an anecdote, often rather far afield, at least apparently rather far afield, from the literary issues that are eventually turned to in the argument of a given essay. For example: a dusty miller was walking down the road, thinking about nothing in particular, when he encountered a bailiff, then certain legal issues arise, and somehow or another the next thing you know were talking about King Lear. This rather marvelous, oblique way into literary topics was owing to the brilliance in handling it of Greenblatt, in particular, and Louis Montrose and some of his colleagues. This technique became a kind of a hallmark of the New Historicism. In the long run, of course, it was easy enough to parody it. It has been subjected to parody and, in a certain sense, has been modified and chastened by the prevalence of parody; but it nevertheless, I think, shows you something about the way New Historicist thinking works. The New Historicism is interested, following Foucaultand Foucault is the primary influence on the New Historicism. I wont say as much about this today as I might feel obliged to say if I werent soon be going to return to Foucault in the context of gender studies, when we take up Foucault and Judith Butler togetherbut I will say briefly that Foucaults writing, especially his later writing, is about the pervasiveness, the circulation through social orders, of what he calls power. Now power is not justor, in many cases in Foucault, not even primarily the power of vested authorities, the power of violence, or the power of tyranny from above. Power in Foucaultthough it can be those things and frequently isis much more pervasively and also insidiously the way in which knowledge circulates in a culture: that is to say, the way in which what we think, what we think that it is appropriate to thinkacceptable thinkingis distributed by largely unseen forces in a social network or a social system. Power, in other words, in Foucault is in a certain sense knowledge, or to put it another way, it is the explanation of how certain forms of knowledge come to existknowledge, by the way, not necessarily of something thats true. Certain forms of knowledge come to exist in certain places. So all of this is central to the work of Foucault and is carried over by the New Historicists; hence the interest for them of the anecdotes. Start as far afield as you can imaginably start from what you will finally be talking about, which is probably some textual or thematic issue in Shakespeare or in the Elizabethan masque or whatever the case may be. Start as far afield as you possibly can from that, precisely in order to show the pervasiveness of a certain kind of thinking, the pervasiveness of a certain social constraint or limitation on freedom. If you can show how pervasive it is, you reinforce and justify the Foucauldian idea that power is, as Ive said, an insidious and ubiquitous mode of circulating knowledge. All of this is implicit, sometimes explicit, in New Historicist approaches to what they do. 2 of 10 03/24/2012 11:47 ?.? Open Yale Courses http://oyc. yale. edu/transcript/469/engl-300 Chapter 3. The Reciprocal Relationship Between History and Discourse [00:10:56] So as I said, Foucault is the crucial antecedent and of course, when its a question of Foucault, literature as we want to conceive of itperhaps generically or as a particular kind of utterance as opposed to other kindsdoes tend to collapse back into the broader or more general notion of discourse, because its by means of discourse that power circulates knowledge. Once again, despite the fact that New Historicism wants to return us to the real world, it nevertheless acknowledges that that return is language bound. It is by means of language that the real world shapes itself. Thats why for the New Historicistand by this means, Ill turn in a moment to the marvelous anecdote with which Greenblatt begins the brief essay that Ive asked you to readthats why the New Historicist lays such intense emphasis on the idea that the relationship between discoursecall it literature if you like, you ight as welland history is reciprocal. Yes, history conditions what literature can say in a given epoch. History is an important way of understanding the valency of certain kinds of utterance at certain times. In other words, history isas its traditionally thought to be by the Old Historicism, and Ill get to that in a minutehistory is a background to discourse or literature. But by the same token there is an agency, that is to say a capacity, to circulate power in discourse in turn. Call it literature: I am Richard II, know you not that? says Queen Elizabeth when at the time of the threatened Essex Uprising she gets wind of the fact that Shakespeares Richard II is being performed, as she believes, in the public streets and in private houses. In other words, wherever there is sedition, wherever there are people who want to overthrow her and replace her with the Earl of Essex, the pretender to the throne, Richard II is being performed. Well, now this is terrifying to Queen Elizabeth because she knowsshes a supporter of the theatershe knows that Richard II is about a king who has many virtues but a certain weakness, a political weakness and also a weakness of temperamentthe kind of weakness that makes him sit upon the ground and tell sad tales about the death of kings, that kind of weakness, who is then usurped by Bolingbroke who became Henry IV, introducing a whole new dynasty and focus of the royal family in England. Queen Elizabeth says, Theyre staging this play because theyre trying to compare me with Richard II in preparation for deposing me, and who knows what else they might do to me? This is a matter of great concern. In other words, literatureFredric Jameson says history hurtsliterature hurts, too. [laughs] Literature, in other words, has a discursive agency that affects history every bit as much as history affects literature: literature out there, and theaterespecially if it escapes the confines of the playhouse because, as Greenblatt argues, the playhouse has a certain mediatory effect which defuses the possibilities of sedition. One views literary representation in the playhouse with a certain objectivity, perhaps, that is absent altogether when interested parties take up the same text and stage it precisely for the purpose of fomenting rebellion. Literature, especially when escaped from its conventional confines, becomes a very, very dangerous or positive influence, depending on your point of view on the course of history. So the relationship between history and discourse is reciprocal. Greenblatt wants to argue with a tremendous amount of stress and, I think, effectiveness that the New Historicism differs from the Old Historicism. This is on page 1443 in the right-hand column. John Dover Wilson, a traditional Shakespeare scholar and a very important one, is the spokesperson in Greenblatts scenario for the Old Historicism. The view Im about to quote is that of John Dover Wilson, a kind of consensus about the relationship between literature and history: Modern historical scholarship [meaning Old Historicism] has assured Elizabeth [laughs] that she had [this is the right-hand column about two thirds of the way down] [laughs] nothing to worry 3 of 10 03/24/2012 11:47 ?.? Open Yale Courses http://oyc. yale. edu/transcript/469/engl-300 about: Richard II is not at all subversive but rather a hymn to Tudor order. The play, far from encouraging thoughts of rebellion, regards the deposition of the legitimate king as a sacrilegious act that drags the country down into the abyss of chaos; that Shakespeare and his audience regarded Bolingbroke as a usurper, declares J. Dover Wilson, is incontestable. But in 1601 neither Queen Elizabeth nor the Earl of Essex were so sure†¦ Greenblatt wins. Its a wonderful example. Its the genius of Greenblatt to choose examples that are so telling and so incontrovertible. We know Queen Elizabeth was scared [laughs] on this occasion, which makes it quite simply the case that John Dover Wilson was wrong to suppose that Richard II was no threat to her. Its not at all the point that a broad, ideological view of Richard II was any different from what Wilson said; that was perfectly true. Bolingbroke wasconsidered a usurper. It was considered tragic that Richard II was deposed; but that doesnt mean that the text cant be taken over, commandeered and made subversive. Wilson doesnt acknowledge this because his view of the relationship between history and literature is only that history influences literature, not that the influence can be reciprocal. You see, thats how it is that the New Historicism wants to define itself over and against the Old Historicism. If there is a political or ideological consensus about the legitimacy of monarchy, the divine right of kings, the legitimacy of succession under the sanction of the Church of England and all the rest of itall of which is anachronistic when youre thinking about these history playsif there is this broad consensus, thats it, thats what the play means according to the Old Historicism, even though plainly you can take the plot of the play and completely invert those values, which is what the Essex faction does in staging it in those places where Queen Elizabeth suspects that its being staged. Chapter 4. The Historian and Subjectivity [00:19:24] Okay. Now another way in which the Old Historicism and the New Historicism differcorrectly, I think according to Greenblatt is that in the Old Historicism there is no questionIm looking at page 1444, the right-hand column about a third of the way downof the role of the historians own subjectivity. It is not thought, says Greenblatt, to be the product of the historians interpretation†¦ History is just what is. One views it objectively and thats that. Now notice here that were back with Gadamer. Remember that this was Gadamers accusation of historicism, the belief of historicismwhat Greenblatt calls the Old Historicismthat we can bracket out our own historical horizon and that we can eliminate all of our own historical prejudices in order to understand the past objectively in and for itself. This is not the case, said Gadamer, remember. Gadamer said that interpretation must necessarily involve the merger of horizons, the horizon of the other and my own horizon as an interpreter. I cannot bracket out my own subjectivity. Okay. If thats the case, then Gadamer anticipates Greenblatt in saying that the naivete of the Old Historicism is its supposition that it has no vested interest in what its talking aboutthat is to say, its supposition that it wants history to accord in one way or another with its own preconceptions, but isnt aware of it. The anecdoteagain, wonderfully placed in the polemical argumentthat after all, John Dover Wilson delivered himself of these opinions about Richard II before a group of scholars in Germany in 1939 is, after all, ather interesting. Hitler is about to be the Bolingbroke of Germany. John Dover Wilson wants his audience to say, Hey, wait a minute. Stick with vested authority. [laughs] You have a weak democracy, but it is a democracy. Dont let it get away from you. And so he is speaking, the horse already having escaped from the barn, in this reassuring way about German politics as a means of sort of reinforcing his own view of the politics of Elizabethan England. of 10 03/24/2012 11:47 ?.? Open Yale Courses http://oyc. yale. edu/transcript/469/engl-300 But this, Greenblatt supposes, is something about which he has very little self-consciousness. That is to say, his own interest, as of course it should be on this occasion, is in the preservation of vested authority, and his own interest then folds back into his understanding of Elizabethan ideology in such a way that it can conform to that interest. He has, in other words, as we say today, a hidden agenda and is very little aware of it, unlike the New Historicist who, following Gadamer in this respect, is fully cognizant of the subjective investment that leads to a choice of interest in materials, a way of thinking about those materials, and a means of bringing them to life for us today and into focus. In other words, its okay for Greenblatt, as it was for Gadamermuch to the horror of E. D. Hirschto find the significance of a text, as opposed to the meaning of a text. The significance of the text is that it has certain kinds of power invested in it. Those kinds of power are still of interest to us today, still of relevance to whats going on in our own world. All of this is taken up openly as a matter of self-consciousness by the New Historicists in ways that, according to Greenblatt and his colleagues, were not available consciously in the older Historicism. Now the world as the New Historicism sees itand after Ive said this, Ill turn to McGannis essentially a dynamic interplay of power, networks of power, and subversion: that is to say, modes of challenging those networks even within the authoritative texts that generate positions of power. The Elizabethan masque, for example, which stages the relation of court to courtier, to visitor, to hanger-on in wonderfully orchestrated ways, is a meansbecause its kind of poly-vocalof containing within its structure elements of subversion, according to the argument thats made about these things: the same with court ritual itself, the same with the happenstance that takes place once a year in early modern England, in which the Lord of Misrule is so denominated and ordinary authority is turned on its ear for one day. Queen for a day, as it were, is something that is available to any citizen once a year. These are all ways of defusing what they, in fact, bring into visibility and consciousnessmainly the existence, perhaps the inevitable existence, of subversion with respect to structures and circulatory systems of power. Its t Chapter 5. Jerome McGann and Bakhtin [00:26:12] his relationship between power and subversion that the New Historicism, especially in taking up issues of the Early Modern period, tends to focus on and to specialize in. Now its not wholly clear that Jerome McGann has ever really thought of himself as a New Historicist. He has been so designated by others, but I think there is one rather important difference in emphasis, at least between what hes doing and what Greenblatt and his colleagues do in the Early Modern period. McGann doesnt really so much stress the reciprocity of history and discourse. He is interested in the presence of history, the presence of immediate social and also personal circumstances in the history of a text. His primary concern is withat least in this essaytextual scholarship. He himself is the editor of the new standard works of Byron. He has also done a standard works of Swinburne, and he has been a vocal and colorful spokesperson of a certain point of view within the recondite debates of textual scholarship: whether textual scholarship ought to produce a text thats an amalgam of a variety of available manuscripts and printed texts; whether the text it produces ought to be the last and best thoughts of the authorthats the position that McGann seems to be taking in this essayor whether the text, on the contrary, ought to be the first burst of inspiration of the author. All the people who prefer the earliest versions of Wordsworths Prelude, for example, would favor that last point of view. In 5 of 10 03/24/2012 11:47 ?.? Open Yale Courses http://oyc. yale. edu/transcript/469/engl-300 other words, McGann is making a contribution here not least to the debates surrounding editing and the production of authoritative scholarly texts. Its in that context that the remarks hes making about Keats have to be understood. I think the primary influence on McGann is not so much Foucault, then, with the sense of the circulation of power back and forth between history and literary discourse, as it is Bakhtin, whom he quotes on pages eighteen and nineteen; or whose influence he cites, I should say rather, in a way that, I think, does pervade what you encounter in reading what he then goes on to say at the bottom of page eighteen in the copy center reader: What follows [says McGann] is a summary and extrapolation of certain key ideas set forth by the so-called Bakhtin School of criticism, a small group of Marxist critics from the Soviet Union who made an early attack upon formalist approaches to poetry [just as he, McGann, is, and as the New Historicists are themselves, in their turn, doing]. The Bakhtin Schools socio-historical method approaches all language utterancesincluding poemsas phenomena marked with their concrete origins and history. That is to say, phenomena voiced by the material circumstances that produce them or phenomena, in other words, in which the voice of the Romantic solitary individual is not really that voice at all, but is rather the polyglossal infusion of a variety of perspectives, including ideological perspectives, shaping that particular utterance and also, in the case of the textual scholar, shaping which of a variety of manuscripts will be chosen for publication and for central attention in the tradition of the reception of a given text. So all of this McGann takes to be derived from Bakhtin rather than from Foucault. I do think thats a significant difference between our two authors. Chapter 6. McGann on Keats [00:30:28] Now McGanns most important contribution to the return to history of the seventies and eighties is a short book calledThe Romantic Ideology, and this bookwell, what it is is an attack on Romanticism. At least its an attack on certain widely understood and received ideas about Romanticismideas ith which, by the way, I dont agree, but this course isnt about me. The Romantic Ideology is an amalgam of two titles. One of them is the important early critique of Romanticism by the German poet and sometime Romantic Heinrich Heine called Die romantische Schule, or The Romantic School, in which the subjectivity, even solipsism, and the isolation from social concern and from unfolding historical processes of the Romantic poets is emphasized and criticized. In addition to thatthats where the word Romantic comes from in the title The Romantic Ideologythe other title that it amalgamates is Marxs book The German Ideology, which is about many things but is in particular about Lumpenproletariat intellectuals who think with Hegel still following Hegel despite believing themselves to be progressivewho think with Hegel that thought produces material circumstances rather than the other way around: in other words people, in short, who are idealists and therefore, under this indictment, also Romantic. McGanns title, as I say, cleverly amalgamates these two other titles and sets the agenda for this short book, which is an attack not just on Romanticism but on what he believes to be our continued tendency still to be in Romanticism, still to be Romantic. There his particular object of attack is the so-called Yale school, which is still under attack in the essay that youve read for today. Paul de Man and Geoffrey Hartmans well-known essay on Keatss To Autumn are singled out for particular scorn and dispraise, all sort of on the grounds that yes, its all very well to read Romanticism, to come to understand it, and even to be fascinated by it; but we cant be Romantic. In other words, our reading of Romanticismif we are to be social animals, politically engaged, and invested in the world as a social communitymust 6 of 10 03/24/2012 11:47 ?.? Open Yale Courses http://oyc. yale. edu/transcript/469/engl-300 necessarily be an anti-Romantic critique. This is, as I say, still essentially the position taken up by McGann. All right. So Ive explained the ways in which he differs from Greenblatt in leaning more toward Bakhtin than toward Foucault. I have explained that McGann is engaged primarily in talking about issues of textual scholarship in this particular essay, that he defends Keatss last deliberate choices, that he believes the so-called indicator text of 1820 of La Belle Dame Sans Merci is Keatss last deliberate choice, as opposed to the 1848 text published by Monckton Milnes in the edition of Keatss poems that he brought out at that time. Now I think that in the time remaining to sort of linger over McGann, I do want to say a few things about what he says about Keats. I want to emphasize that his general pronouncements about the historicity of texts, about the permeation of texts by the circumstances of their production, their conditioning by ideological factors, is unimpeachable. It seems to me that this is a necessary approach at least to have in mind if not, perhaps, necessarily to emphasize in ones own work of literary scholarship. The idea that a text just falls from a treeif anybody ever had that idea, by the way [laughs] is plainly not a tenable one, and the opposite idea that a text emerges from a complex matrix of social and historical circumstances is certainly a good one. So if one is to criticize, again its not a question of criticizing his basic pronouncements. It seems to me nothing could be said really against them. The trouble is that in the case of McGannwho is a terrific, prominent Romantic scholar with whom one, I suppose, hesitates to disagreeeverything he says about the text that he isolates for attention in this essay is simply, consistently, wrong. Its almost as if by compulsion that he says things that are wrong about these texts, and the reason I asked you in my e-mail last night to take a look at them, if you get a chance, is so that these few remarks that I make now might have some substance. Take for example La Belle Dame Sans Merci. In the first place, who says we only read the 1848 text? A scholarly editionand his main object of attack is Jack Stillingers scholarly edition of Keatsgives you basically a variorum apparatus. Yeah, maybe it gives you a particular text in bold print, but it gives you the variant text in smaller print in a footnote. It doesnt withhold the variant text from you. It says, No, look, theres this too. Take your choice. Really the atmosphere of a variorum scholarly edition is an atmosphere of take your choice, not a kind of tyrannical imposition on the public of a particular version of the text. Everybody knows the 1820 Indicator text. What can ail thee, wretched wight? is at least as familiar to me, as a Romanticist, as What can ail thee, knight at arms? the way in which the 1848 text begins; and frankly how many people who arent Romanticists know anything about either text? What are we talking about here? [laughter] [laughs] The Romanticists know whats going on. Theyre not in any way hornswoggled by this historical conspiracy against the 1820 indicator text, and people who arent Romanticists dont care. Thats what it comes down to; but, if its not enough simply to say that, turning to the question of which text is betterwell, its hard to say which text is better. McGanns argument is that the 1820 version is better because its a poem about a guy and a girl who sort of meet, and the next thing you know theyre having sex and that doesnt turn out so well. In other words, its about the real world. These things happen. Its not a romance, whereas the What can ail thee, wretched knight? in the 1848 versionand all of its other variants, the kisses four and so onthe 1848 version is a kind of unselfconsciousin McGanns viewromance subscribing to certain medieval ideas about women, simultaneously putting them on a pedestal and fearing, at the same time, that theyre invested with a kind of black magic which destroys the souls and dissipates the sap of deserving young gentlemen: all of this is ideologically programmed, 7 of 10 03/24/2012 11:47 ?.? Open Yale Courses http://oyc. yale. du/transcript/469/engl-300 according to McGann, in the 1848 version. Why? Because Charles Brown behaved despicably toward women, he didnt like Fanny Brawne, and because Monckton Milnes, the actual editor of the 1848 edition, loved pornography and was a big collector of erotica. So thats why the 1848 text with its fear of and denigration of women, in contrast to the 1820 text, is inferior. Well, two things: f irst of all, whos to say the 1848 text wasnt Keatss last thoughts? In other words, yes, he was already ill when the Indicator text was published in 1820. It is pretty close to the end of his ability to think clearly about his own work and to worry very much about the forms in which it was published, but at the same time we dont know when Brown received his version of the text. We cant suppose, as McGann more than half implies, that Brown just sort of sat down and rewrote it. [laughs] Nobody has ever really said that, and if he didnt rewrite it, then Keats must have given it to him in that form. Whos to say that wasnt his last and best thoughts? Whos to say Keats didnt really want to write a poem of this kind? After all, the title, taken from a medieval ballad by Alain Chartier, La Belle Dame Sans Merci, bears out the What can ail thee, knight at arms? version. Its about a Morgan Le Fay-type. For better or worse, whatever we think of that ideologically, it is about, if the title is right, the kind of woman who is evoked in the 1848 version, as opposed to the kind of woman who is evoked in the 1820 version. So the 1848 version is simply more consistent with the title. Thats one point to be made, but the additional point to be made is that taking advantage of the New Historicist acknowledgement that ones own subjectivity, ones own historical horizon, is properly in play in thinking about these things, McGann is then able to infuse Keatss text and therefore Keatss intentions with a pleasing political correctness. That is to say, Keats cant possibly have thought in that demeaning way about women. By the way, everything I like Keats, but everything in his letters suggests that he didbut back to McGann: Keats cant possibly have thought in that demeaning way about women. Therefore, the 1820 text is the text that he intended and preferred. Okay. That, of course, makes Keats more consistent with our own standards and our own view of the relations between the sexes, but does it, in other words, make sense vis-a-vis the Keats whom we know and, despite his weaknesses and shortcomings, love? There is a great deal, in other words, to be said over against McGanns assertions about this textual issue, not necessarily in defense of the 1848 text but agnostically with respect to the two of them, saying, Yeah, wed better have both of them. Wed better put them side-by-side. Wed better read them together; but if by some fiat the 1820 were somehow subsequently preferred to the 1848, that would be every bit as much of an historical misfortune as the preference, insofar as it has actually existed, of the 1848 or the 1820. I think thats the perspective one wants to take. Now I was going to talk about To Autumn. Ill only say about his reading of To Autumn that McGann, who doesnt seem to like the poem very muchhe likes La Belle Dame Sans Merci, so he makes it politically correct. He doesnt like To Autumn because he thinks that Autumn was published in collusion with Keatss conservative friends in the Poemsof 1820, which bowdlerized everything he had to say of a progressive political nature. He thinks that To Autumn is a big sellout, in other words, and that yes, 1819 happened to be a year of good harvest, and so Keats turns that year of good harvest into something permanent, into a kind of cloud cuckoo-land in which the fruit falls into your basket and the fish jump into your net and everything is just perfect. Well, do you think the poem is really like that? Youve read the third stanza, which McGann totally ignores apart from Where are the songs of Spring? Ay, where are they? In other words, he gives you 8 of 10 03/24/2012 11:47 ?.? Open Yale Courses http://oyc. yale. edu/transcript/469/engl-300 the opening but he doesnt give you any sense of the rest of the stanza, because for him To Autumn is all about the first stanza. For him, Keats seems to identify with the bees who think warm days will never cease, for Summer has oer-brimmed their clammy cells. Keats is like a bee. Hes all into the sensuous. Well, again just in terms of historical evidence, this is outmoded by at least eighteen months if we consult Keatss letters. He was like that early in his career, but he has had severe misgivings about a point of view which is represented in what he said in an early letter: Oh, for a life of sensations rather than thoughts†¦ Thats no longer Keatss position when writing To Autumn. Keatss position when writing To Autumn is the position of a guy who has a sore throat just as his tubercular brother did, who is increasingly afraid that hes going to die soon and is trying to confront mortality in writing what is in factand I say in fact advisedlythe most perfect lyric ever written in the English language, and which is most certainly not a celebration of sort of wandering around like an aimless bee, thinking that the autumn is perfect but that autumn is always perfect, that warm days will never cease, and that everything is just lovely in the garden. It is not that kind of poem, and its really a travesty of it to suppose that it is simply on the grounds that it was published in the Poemsof 1820 as a kind of sellout to the establishment under the advice of Keatss conservative friends. Chapter 7. Tony the Tow Truck Revisited [00:45:54] All right. So much then for McGanns remarks on Keats, which I want to say again in no way impugn or undermine the general validity of the claims that hes making about taking historical circumstances into account. Precisely, we need to take them into account and we need to get them right. Thats the challenge, of course, of working with historical circumstances. You have to get it right. With that said, let me turn quickly to a review of Tony from Bakhtin to the New Historicism. I may glide over Tonyaccording to Jameson, because we did that at the end of the last lecture, so let me go back to Bakhtin. You can see the way in which in the structure of Tony the Tow Truck the first part of the poem is absolutely saturated with the first person singular: I do this, I do that, I like my job, I am stuckI, I, I, I. Then as you read along through the text you see that the I disappears, or if it still appears, its in the middle of a line rather than at the beginning of a line. In other words, the I, the subjectivity, the first person singular, the sense of having a unique voicethis is gradually subsumed by the sociality of the story as it unfolds. I am no longer I defined as a Romantic individual. I am I, rather defined as a friendthat is to say, as a person whose relation with otherness is what constitutes his identity, and in that mutuality of friendship, the first person singular disappears. What is spoken in Tony the Tow Truck, in other words, in the long run is not the voice of individual subjectivity but the voice of social togetherness, the voice of otherness. According to Jauss, the important thing about Tony the Tow Truck is that it is not the same story as The Little Engine that Could. In other words, in each generation of reception, the aesthetic standards that prevail at a given time are reconsidered and rethought, reshuffled. A new aesthetic horizon emerges, and texts are constituted in a different way, much also as the Russian formalists have said, only with the sense in Jauss of the historical imperative. The Little Engine that Could is all about the inversion of power between the little guy and the big guy, so that the little guy helps the big guy and that is unequivocal, showing, as in Isaiah in the Bible, that the valleys have been raised and the mountains have been made low. Thats not the way Tony the Tow Truck works. The little guy himself needs help. He needs the help of another little guy. There is a reciprocity not dialectically between little and big, but a mutual reinforcement of little-by-little, and that is the change in aesthetic horizon that one can 9 of 10 03/24/2012 11:47 ?.? Open Yale Courses http://oyc. yale. edu/transcript/469/engl-300 witness between The Little Engine that Could and Tony the Tow Truck. In Benjamin the important thing, as I think weve said, is the idea that the narrator is the apparatus. The humanization of a mechanized world, through our identification with it, is what takes place in Tony the Tow Truck. In other words, all these cars and trucks, all these smiling and frowning houses, of course, have as their common denominator their non-humanity, but the anthropomorphization of the cars and trucks and of the houses constitutes them as the human. They are precisely the human. We see things, in other words, from the point of view of the apparatus. Just as the filmgoer sees things from the point of view of the camera, so we see Tony the Tow Truck from the point of view of the tow truck, right? And what happens? Just as the camera eye point of view leaves that which is seen, as Benjamin puts it, equipment-freeso, oddly enough, if we see things from the standpoint of equipment, what we look at is the moral of the story: in other words, the humanity of the story. What we see, in other words, surrounded by all of this equipment, is precisely the equipment-free human aspect of reality. So Tony the Tow Truck works in a way that is consistent with Benjamins theory of mechanical reproduction. For Adorno, however, the acquiescence of this very figurethe apparatus of mechanical reproduction, of towing again and again and againin the inequity of class relations, rejected as always by Neato and Speedy, proves that the apparatus which Benjamins theory takes to be independent of the machinations of the culture industry, that the apparatus in turn can be suborned and commandeered by the ulture industry for its own purposes. All right. I will skip over Jameson. The Old Historicist reading of Tony simply reconfirms a status quo in which virtue is clear, vice is clear, both are uncontested, and nothing changesin other words, a status quo which reflects a stagnant, existent, unchanging social dynamic. The New Historicism in a lot of ways is doing this, but let me just conclude by suggesting that if literature influences history, Tony the Tow Truck might well explain why today were promoting fuel-efficient cars, why the attack on the gas guzzler and the SUV or minivanremember the car that says I am too busyis so prevalent in the story, and why if we read todays headlines we need to get rid of the Humvee if GM is to prosper, and we need to downsize and streamline the available models. The little guys, Tony and Bumpy, reaffirm the need for fuel-efficient smaller vehicles and you can plainly see that Tony the Tow Truck is therefore a discourse that produces history. All of this, according to the prescription of Tony, is actually happening. All right. Thank you very much.